The potential human costs of climate change have been underestimated, according to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) 2007-2008 Human Development Report. Calling global climate change the defining development challenge of the 21st century, UNDP stresses that it could leave hundreds of millions of the poorest citizens in the poorest countries malnourished and lacking adequate supplies of safe drinking water, as well as facing ecological threats and a loss of livelihoods.
UNDP Administrator Kemal Dervis says it is the poor, “a constituency with no responsibility for the ecological debt we are running up, who face the immediate and most severe human costs.â€
Focusing on the impact of global warming on the world’s 2.6 billion people surviving on less than $2 a day, the report identifies potential consequences to human development including:
- Up to 600 million more people facing malnutrition due to the breakdown of agricultural systems resulting from increased exposure to drought, rising temperatures, and more erratic rainfall.
- Potential productivity losses of 26 percent by 2060 in semi-arid areas of sub-Saharan Africa, home to some of the highest concentrations of poverty in the world.
- An additional 1.8 billion people facing water stress by 2080, with large areas of South Asia and northern China facing a grave ecological crisis as a result of glacial retreat and changed rainfall patterns.
- Up to 332 million people in coastal and low-lying areas potentially displaced by flooding and tropical storm activity, including more than 70 million Bangladeshis, 22 million Vietnamese, and six million Egyptians.
- Emerging health risks, with as many as 400 million people facing the risk of malaria.
According to the report, climate shocks such as droughts, floods and storms, which will become more frequent and intense with climate change, are already among the most powerful drivers of poverty and inequality – and global warming will strengthen the impacts. According to the report. millions or people will incur poverty and “long-run cycles of disadvantage” due to these climatic events.
Apart form threatening lives and inflicting suffering, the climatic impacts will wipe out assets, lead to malnutrition, and result in children being withdrawn from school. The report points out, for example, that Ethiopian children exposed to drought conditions in early childhood are 36 percent more likely to be malnourished, a figure that translates into two million additional cases of child malnutrition.
In addition to the impact on the world’s poor, the report cautions that failure to tackle climate change could leave future generations facing ecological catastrophe, highlighting the possible collapse of the West Antarctic ice sheets, the retreat of glaciers, and the stress on marine ecosystems a systemic threats to humanity.
“Fighting climate change is about our commitment to human development today and about creating a world that will provide ecological security for our children and their grandchildren,†Dervis said.
 (Sources: United Nations Development Program, The Population Institute)
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Global warming may reduce biodiversity as the distribution of species and their populations may shift towards the poles and higher altitudes, leaving those endemic to arctic and high mountain regions vulnerable. In addition, changes in the ranges of disease spreading species (aka vector species) may exacerbate the spread of disease among humans and other species such as malaria.
Actions to address the impacts of climate change may be beneficial or harmful to biodiversity. Carbon sequestration initiatives designed to mitigate impacts of greenhouse gases may lead to adverse impacts on biodiversity by creating monoculture forestry. Avoiding deforestation through forest conservation projects may be beneficial for climate change mitigation, forest biodiversity conservation, reducing desertification and improving economic functions. Climate change will also affect biodiversity conservation strategies. One half of the protected areas will shift from one climate zone to another and the effects will be very pronounced at higher latitudes and altitudes. Adjustment of protected area boundaries will need to occur to achieve stated conservation goals.
Global warming and its impact on biodiversity are discussed at http://www.onebiosphere.com
The relationship between energy production and biodiversity has been affected by policy responses in recent decades such as the promotion of organic farming and the reduction in agricultural nitrogen use. Obtaining governmental commitments has been challenging due to problems in securing financing and lack of political will or vision.